1. BACKGROUND Farmer-herder conflicts in Tanzania remain a significant challenge, particularly in Kilosa, Mvomero, and Kiteto districts. The increasing volatility in the interactions between farming and pastoral communities has been driven by factors such as land use competition, resource scarcity, and ineffective policies (Benjaminsen et al., 2009; Mussa et al., 2019). These conflicts disrupt livelihoods,...Read More